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板凳
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发表于 2018-6-24 23:36:41
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leiting:
个人观点:
对于公开发行的优先股,《指导意见》的规定是有一个前提的——“在有可分配税后利润的情况”下才“必须”以现金分配股息——但是否存在可分配利润或什么时候具有可分配利润带有不确定性,无法可靠地计量,也并不必然是发行人的现实义务。还需要结合优先股的具体发行合约的具体条款进行综合判断,比如是否具有清算优先权(剩余财产索取权),是否具有参与权(与普通股股东一起参与分配剩余利润)等,这些都是典型的权益工具的特征——并不能仅仅因为具有优先的固定或浮动的股息,并且必须在有可分配利润时分配股息就必然认定为金融负债,实质还是有可能为权益工具的。
chenyiwei:
此时公司只要有利润就必须按照约定条款分配固定的优先股股利(当然以可分配利润为限),不能自主决定推迟股利的支付,从而仍然存在一项“交付现金或其他金融资产给其他单位,或在潜在不利条件下与其他单位交换金融资产或金融负债的合同义务”(尽管这种合同义务从发行时看是或有的,但其最终结果并不完全取决于发行方可控制的因素),所以应当认定为负债。
而且,也正是为了避免被认定为负债而导致不符合商业银行资本监管要求,《指导意见》才对于“商业银行发行优先股补充资本”的情形作出了例外规定,否则商业银行公开发行的优先股将被列为负债而失去补充资本的意义,这从一个侧面佐证了载明“在有可分配税后利润的情况下必须向优先股股东分配股息”条款的优先股应归类为负债的结论。
附件是某四大的三个IFRS Q&A,对于判断优先股和永续债能否归类为权益具有重要参考价值。 IAS 32.20-1 - Undated subordinated debt instruments.pdf (36.87 KB, 下载次数: 213) IAS 32.21-1 - Classification of bonds convertible into a variable number of shares.pdf (80.59 KB, 下载次数: 106) IAS 32.25-1 - Contingent settlement provisions.pdf (39.29 KB, 下载次数: 110)
参考IAS 32.AG25/AG26:
AG25 Preference shares may be issued with various rights. In determining whether a preference share is a financial liability or an equity instrument, an issuer assesses the particular rights attaching to the share to determine whether it exhibits the fundamental characteristic of a financial liability. For example, a preference share that provides for redemption on a specific date or at the option of the holder contains a financial liability because the issuer has an obligation to transfer financial assets to the holder of the share. The potential inability of an issuer to satisfy an obligation to redeem a preference share when contractually required to do so, whether because of a lack of funds, a statutory restriction or insufficient profits or reserves, does not negate the obligation. An option of the issuer to redeem the shares for cash does not satisfy the definition of a financial liability because the issuer does not have a present obligation to transfer financial assets to the shareholders. In this case, redemption of the shares is solely at the discretion of the issuer. An obligation may arise, however, when the issuer of the shares exercises its option, usually by formally notifying the shareholders of an intention to redeem the shares.
AG26 When preference shares are non-redeemable, the appropriate classification is determined by the other rights that attach to them. Classification is based on an assessment of the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument. When distributions to holders of the preference shares, whether cumulative or non-cumulative, are at the discretion of the issuer, the shares are equity instruments. The classification of a preference share as an equity instrument or a financial liability is not affected by, for example:
(a) a history of making distributions;
(b) an intention to make distributions in the future;
(c) a possible negative impact on the price of ordinary shares of the issuer if distributions are not made (because of restrictions on paying dividends on the ordinary shares if dividends are not paid on the preference shares);
(d) the amount of the issuer's reserves;
(e) an issuer's expectation of a profit or loss for a period; or
(f) an ability or inability of the issuer to influence the amount of its profit or loss for the period.
金融负债和权益的区分,首要标准是看是否存在“交付现金或其他金融资产给其他单位,或在潜在不利条件下与其他单位交换金融资产或金融负债的合同义务”。当存在或有结算条款时(例如有盈利才分配股利),并不根据未来预计是盈利还是亏损来判断该项合同义务是否为实质性义务。只要存在该项合同义务,且触发该义务的未来事项不在发行人可控制范围之内时,即被视为现时义务,相关的金融工具不能作为权益。参考前面发的Q&A——IAS 32.25-1 - Contingent settlement provisions.pdf。
优先股的剩余财产要求权并不是判断其是否为权益工具的决定性因素。由于剩余财产索取权只能在发行人清算时行使,而财务报表是基于持续经营假设编制,因此清算时的优先权不是确定其属于负债还是权益的考虑因素。
商业银行的规定,其实就是:会计上被认定为负债的工具对于计算资本充足率是不计入的,只有归为权益的工具才能计入,所以《指导意见》根据新巴塞尔协议和银监会的相关资本监管规定开了这个口子,不是因为股利的支付减少资本。
会计和法律的很多方面的思维方式是有所不同的,所以得出的结果,有时会和法律形式差异很大。
http://bbs.esnai.com/thread-4947688-1-1.html
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